Opinion
SC 146.
February 8, 1973.
Appeal from the Circuit Court, Coffee County, Eris F. Paul, J.
William J. Baxley, Atty. Gen., and Don C. Dickert, Asst. Atty. Gen., for petitioner-appellee.
Evidence found during a lawful search not related to the offense for which a person is being arrested may be lawfully seized. Neal v. State, 47 Ala. App. 68, 250 So.2d 605. Objects falling in plain view of an officer who has a right to be in the position to have that view are subject to seizure and may be introduced into evidence. United States v. Davis, 5th Cir., 423 F.2d 974; Segars v. State, 283 Ala. 694, 220 So.2d 882; Sheridan v. State, 43 Ala. App. 239, 187 So.2d 294. If a police officer's intrusion into a constitutionally protected area is lawful not because of search warrant but due to the existence of probable cause to effect an arrest then articles brought into plain view by such intrusion may be lawfully seized. Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26 L.Ed.2d 419; Sparten v. State, 46 Ala. App. 485, 243 So.2d 758; Williams v. State, 43 Ala. App. 343, 190 So.2d 556; Baker v. State, 44 Ala. App. 440, 212 So.2d 605; Id. 282 Ala. 724, 212 So.2d 608. An immediate search without a warrant is constitutionally permissible where there is probable cause to search an automobile stopped on the highway. Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26 L.Ed.2d 419; Spurlin v. State, 46 Ala. App. 485, 243 So.2d 758; Id. 286 Ala. 738, 243 So.2d 763. It is constitutionally permissible for police officers to make a warrantless search of an automobile taken to the police station. Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26 L.Ed.2d 419.
Rowe, Lane Rowe, Enterprise, for respondent-appellant.
A search of an automobile cannot be justified as a search incident to an arrest where the automobile was taken to a Police Station at the time of the arrest and searched at the station some time after the arrest; whatever reasons may justify warrantless searches carried out in connection with an arrest do not obtain when the accused is safely in custody at the station house. Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26 L.Ed.2d p. 419 at p. 422. Once an accused is under arrest and in custody, then a search at another place, without a warrant, is not incident to the arrest. Chambers v. Maroney, supra. Once an accused is under arrest and in custody, then a search made at another place, without a warrant, is simply not incident to the arrest. Chambers v. Maroney, supra; Preston v. United States, 373 U.S. 364, 84 S.Ct. 881, 11 L.Ed.2d 777. If the vehicle is searched lawfully as incident to a lawful arrest, contemporaneous therewith as to time and place and truly incident to the arrest; and if the vehicle is under the immediate control of the defendant at the time, the search without a warrant is reasonable. The case in this area of searches refer to special knowledge of the officer, based on reasonable grounds to believe that the vehicles contained contraband. Other than these two exceptions, "a search cannot be regarded as an incident to lawful arrest where it is remote from it in time and place." Preston v. United States, 376 U.S. 364, 84 S.Ct. 881, 11 L.Ed.2d 777; State v. Miller, 152 Conn. 343, 206 A.2d 835; Cooper v. California, 386 U.S. 58, 87 S.Ct. 788, 17 L.Ed.2d 730; People v. Marsh, 20 N.Y.2d 98, 281 N.Y.S.2d 789, 228 N.E.2d 783; United States v. O'Leary, D.C., 201 F. Supp. 926; United States v. Cefaratti, 202 F.2d 13, 97 U.S.App.D.C. 297; Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 45 S.Ct. 280, 69 L.Ed. 543.
The Court of Criminal Appeals, 49 Ala. App. 733, 275 So.2d 713, with one judge dissenting, reversed the conviction of McArthur Bassett for possession of illicit drugs and remanded the cause to the circuit court. On petition by the State of Alabama for certiorari, we granted the writ in order to review the opinion and judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals, on the issue framed by that court as follows:
"Where officers have probable cause to conduct a warrantless search not incident to an arrest, may property relating to an entirely different offense be seized, where possession of that property alone constitutes a crime?"
The Court of Criminal Appeals answered the question in the negative, apparently on the ground that since the defendant was not arrested on the drug charge at the time of the search, the search was not conducted incident to the arrest on the drug charge, and even admitting that the officers had probable cause to stop and search the vehicle in which the drugs were located in connection with a robbery investigation, they could not seize the illicit drugs which turned up in the course of this search.
A search was conducted on the streets when the car was stopped and later at the police station. A search warrant, admittedly invalid, was obtained to conduct the search at the station.
After a review of the law applicable to warrantless searches of automobiles, we are of the opinion that the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals is due to be reversed and remanded.
The facts of this case are strikingly similar to the factual situation presented in Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26 L.Ed.2d 419 (1970). There, Chambers was one of four men arrested after the car in which they were riding was stopped by police shortly after an armed robbery of a service station. The arrests were made upon information given by the service station attendant and bystanders. The car was taken to the police station and searched without a warrant. The search disclosed two revolvers and cards bearing the name of an attendant at another service station who had been robbed at gunpoint a week earlier.
The Supreme Court, in Chambers v. Maroney, supra, found that the search of the car at the station house in that case was not unreasonable, and evidence obtained in the search was permitted to be introduced at the trial. Admittedly, all the guiding principles which apply to warrantless searches of automobiles are difficult to understand. The fact that there were three separate views expressed on the issue here by the Court of Criminal Appeals seems to indicate the difficulty which Fourth Amendment questions pose. But a few general principles seem to be fairly well established.
(1) Questions involving searches of motor cars or other things readily moved cannot be treated as questions arising out of searches of fixed structures like houses. Preston v. United States, 376 U.S. 364, 84 S.Ct. 881, 11 L.Ed.2d 777 (1964); Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26 L.Ed.2d 419 (1970).
(2) There is a limitation of time-place upon the justifiable warrantless search incident to an arrest which is applicable in motor vehicle situations. Preston, supra; Chambers, supra; Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971).
(3) In some situations the permissible object of the search is limited to weapons or the fruits or implements of the crime which may be concealed or destroyed. Cf. Preston, supra; Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 89 S.Ct. 2034, 23 L.Ed.2d 685 (1969).
The Court of Criminal Appeals admits that the officers had probable cause to search the automobile for fruits of the Dothan robbery, both on the streets of Enterprise and at the police station. Two members of the court decided, however, that even though the illegal drugs were discovered during this admittedly valid warrantless search, the seizure was nevertheless invalid. The other member concurred that the cause should be reversed.
We recognize that Judge Cates apparently does not agree that there was probable cause to conduct any search. We do not address ourselves to this point since it appears that a majority of the Court of Criminal Appeals thought probable cause existed to search.
The opinion of two of the judges quotes from Harris v. United States, 331 U.S. 145, 67 S.Ct. 1098, 91 L.Ed. 1399 (1947), as follows:
". . . If entry upon the premises be authorized and the search which follows be valid, there is nothing in the Fourth Amendment which inhibits the seizure by law-enforcement agents of government property the possession of which is a crime, even though the officers are not aware that such property is on the premises when the search is initiated."
The two judges also cite Abel v. United States, 362 U.S. 217, 80 S.Ct. 683, 4 L.Ed.2d 668 (1960), which holds that when an article subject to lawful seizure properly comes into an officer's possession in the course of a lawful search it would be entirely without reason to say that he must return it because it was not one of the things it was his business to look for.
We are aware that Harris, supra, has been overruled, in part, by Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 89 S.Ct. 2034, 23 L.Ed.2d 685 (1969), but we believe the statements in Harris are still viable to the effect that when an article subject to lawful seizure properly comes into an officer's possession in the course of a lawful search, it would be entirely without reason to say that he must return it because it was not one of the things it was his business to look for. As we read Chimel, it only overruled Harris on the permissible scope of a search incident to an arrest. Harris had permitted a broad area within which a search could be conducted incident to a lawful arrest. Chimel substantially restricted the "search incident to an arrest" exception to the warrant requirement. But, Chimel, as we view it, did not address the question of the seizure of evidence during a valid search, whether with or without a warrant. Consequently, we believe that Harris, and Abel are still good precedent for the proposition that there is nothing in the Fourth Amendment which would inhibit the seizure by law enforcement agents of property, the possession of which is a crime, even though the officers were not aware that such property was on the premises when the search was initiated.
As we understand the opinion, the Court of Criminal Appeals distinguishes Harris and Abel, saying that in Harris and Abel there was a valid search warrant and here there was no warrant. We see no reason to make this distinction between a search with a warrant and a warrantless search. If the search was lawful, whether with or without a warrant, then the Harris and Abel rule would apply.
We recognize that every search of an automobile may not be valid, and we will not attempt to spell out in specific detail the many facets of the exclusionary rule of evidence under the Fourth Amendment which has anchored itself in our jurisprudence, because the rules which determine what is and is not permissible under the Fourth Amendment are far from exact and some of the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States seem to conflict. But as we understand the principles which are applicable in fact situations similar to those present here, we conclude that the evidence obtained in this case was not inadmissible because of the method of its seizure. See United States v. LaVallee (2 Cir., 1966), 367 F.2d 351. The judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals is due to be reversed and the cause remanded to that court.
Reversed and remanded.
HEFLIN, C. J., and MERRILL, COLEMAN, BLOODWORTH, McCALL and FAULKNER, JJ., concur.
JONES, J., concurs specially.
HARWOOD, J., not sitting.
I agree with the majority in holding that the fruits of the warrantless search of the car made at the station house are admissible to prove a different and independent crime where such search and seizure is conducted with probable cause. I do not wish to be understood as agreeing that probable cause sufficient to support a warrantless search exists under the facts of this case. I feel that the otherwise mysterious absence of arrest of the accused, as well as the invalid search warrant, is explained by the lack of probable cause. In this respect I agree with the specially concurring opinion of Presiding Judge Cates. However, the limited review by this Court of the Court of Criminal Appeals constrains me to accept the finding of that Court that there was probable cause in this case.