Opinion
[No. 127, September Term, 1960.]
Decided February 7, 1961.
STREET RAILROADS — Duty Owed To Passengers Alighting From Car — Carrier Not An Insurer. The law imposes upon a streetcar carrier the duty to guard against such dangers or perils incident to alighting from the car as might readily be discovered in the exercise of that high degree of care which carriers owe to their passengers. A carrier is not an insurer, however, nor is it always to be held liable for injuries resulting from the conditions of the street to which the passenger descends. p. 243
STREET RAILROADS — Passenger Injured Stepping From Trackless Trolley Onto Isolated Patch Of Ice Between Trolley And Curb — No Error In Submitting Instant Case To Jury — For Jury To Determine Whether Operator Should Have Seen Hazard And Done More Than He Did To Avoid It. In the instant case, where the plaintiff was injured as he stepped from a trackless trolley onto an isolated patch of sheet ice between the trolley and the curb, and fell, it was held that the trial court did not err in permitting the case to go to the jury. Essentially, the dividing line between the case which must go to the trier of facts for determination and one in which there is no liability as a matter of law is whether the operator saw, or in the exercise of that high degree of care compatible with the undertaking of piloting a car or bus, should have seen the defect or hazard, and done more than he did to avoid exposing the passenger to it. It was for the jury to decide whether the driver saw or should have seen the ice, and either driven onto it so that the plaintiff could have stepped on the dry pavement, or stopped short of the ice on the dry street. The fact that the driver stopped four or five feet from the curb ordinarily would not be evidence of negligence but, under the facts of this case, could have permitted the drawing of an inference that he saw the ice and preferred not to drive onto it. pp. 243-245
T.G.B. Decided February 7, 1961.
Appeal from the Superior Court of Baltimore City (CULLEN, J.).
Action by Harvey Brooks against the Baltimore Transit Company for damages for personal injuries. From a judgment for the plaintiff, the defendant appeals.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.
The cause was argued before HENDERSON, HAMMOND, PRESCOTT, HORNEY and MARBURY, JJ.
Edward J. Thompson and John E. Boerner for the appellant.
Harold Buchman, with whom were Louis Salzman and Lawrence B. Coshnear on the brief, for the appellee.
The successful plaintiff below was injured as he stepped from a trackless trolley onto an isolated patch of sheet ice on the street between the curb and the trolley, and fell. The owner of the trolley appeals on the ground that the case should not have gone to the jury because "the conflicting and speculative evidence" offered by the plaintiff "failed to disclose any breach of duty on the part of the Defendant to provide the Plaintiff with a reasonably safe place to alight."
Implicit in the question presented, as the appellant poses it, is that the law is that the operator of a streetcar owes a passenger alighting from the car the duty of furnishing a reasonably safe opportunity, means and place to alight. We agree that the law imposes on the streetcar carrier the duty to guard against such dangers or perils incident to alighting, as might readily be discovered in the exercise of that high degree of care which carriers owe to their passengers. Smith v. Baltimore Transit Co., 214 Md. 560. This is not to say that the carrier is an insurer or that it is always to be held liable for injuries resulting from the condition of the street to which the passenger descends.
Essentially the dividing line between the case which must go to the trier of fact for determination and the case in which there is no liability as a matter of law, is whether the operator saw, or in the exercise of that high degree of care compatible with the distracting and difficult undertaking of piloting a car or bus, should have seen the defect, peril or hazard and done more than he did to avoid exposing the passenger to it. Where the defect, peril or hazard was small or unlikely to have been seen, or the driver had no way or place to go to avoid potential danger to the passenger, as in Smith v. Baltimore Transit Co., supra, where snow and ice covered the entire area, it has been held there was no violation of duty. Where it was large or prominent, it is for the trier of fact to decide whether it should have been seen, or avoided.
The two lines of cases are collected in an annotation in 9 A.L.R.2d 938. Discussion of those in which the carrier was negligent in failing to foresee and guard against that which was readily to be noticed or anticipated, begins at page 946; those in which the defect, peril or hazard was of such trifling character or so small or unlikely to have been noticed as not to have required discovery in the exercise of reasonable care are detailed on page 948, and the pages following.
Cases in which recovery by the passenger was allowed include Schwartz v. Brooklyn and Queens Transit Corp., 36 N.Y.S.2d 70, and Cordes v. Surface Transportation Co., 40 N.Y.S.2d 878, in both of which the facts were essentially similar to those of the case at bar. Schwartz was distinguished in the Smith case, to which we adverted, on the ground that the ice was an isolated patch and there were clear stretches of street on which the passenger could have been deposited, as in the instant case, but unlike Smith. It would appear that the same situation prevailed in Cordes, which the Smith case also distinguished. Other similar cases are Wilson v. Kansas City Public Service Company (Kan. C. Ct. App., Mo.) 238 S.W.2d 73, and Oklahoma Ry. Co. v. Wilson (Okla.), 231 P.2d 688.
There is no case precisely in point in Maryland but the decisions have indicated accord with the rules which have been discussed. In Topp v. United Rys. Electric Co., 99 Md. 630, it was held that there was prima facie evidence of negligence on the part of the carrier in inviting plaintiff to alight into a declivity hidden by weeds and grass on its private right-of-way. In the opinion it was said that a street railway is not ordinarily liable to a passenger for the condition of the streets but the Court noted that there are cases where the unsafe condition of a street may require the carrier to warn passengers and assist them in alighting. The carrier was said to be liable to a passenger for injuries resulting from ice on its platform, in Smith v. Northern Central Ry. Co., 119 Md. 481, and for harm resulting from ice on the steps of a car in Washington, B. A. Electric R. Co. v. Fitch, 152 Md. 137. In Hayes v. United Rwys. Electric Co., 124 Md. 687, 696, the street railway was held not liable for the fall of a passenger who had alighted onto a public street into a ditch which was across the track and which she could have avoided by the taking of other routes. The Court distinguished authorities relied on by the plaintiff in the case by saying that in them "the very points at which the plaintiffs got off the cars were dangerous and unsafe places for passengers to alight, by reason of excavations, depressions or deep gullies into which they were obliged or were likely to step in leaving the cars * * *." Three times in the opinion the Court stressed that the plaintiff had alighted at a safe place in the street.
The evidence in the case before us was that the trolley stopped with the front exit four or five feet from the curb, that between the exit and the curb was an isolated sheet of ice six feet long and five feet wide (formed from a flow of water from around the corner). The curb, the sidewalk and the rest of the street were clear and free of ice. We think it was for the jury to determine whether the driver either saw, or in the exercise of the care required of him for his passenger about to leave the vehicle, should have seen the relatively large sheet of ice, and either driven onto it so the plaintiff could have stepped on the dry pavement, or have stopped short of it on the dry street. That the driver did not pull to the curb ordinarily and of itself would not necessarily be evidence of negligence but, under the facts here, could have permitted the drawing of the inference that he saw the ice and preferred to avoid pulling his vehicle on it. We find no error in allowing the case to go to the jury.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.