Summary
In Ballan, marital relations had continued until January, 1967. The husband moved out of the marital abode on March 2, 1967.
Summary of this case from Beavers v. BeaversOpinion
[No. 33, September Term, 1968.]
Decided January 9, 1969.
DIVORCE — Desertion — To Constitute Ground For Divorce One Spouse Must Separate From The Other Without Justification In Either Wrongful Conduct Or Consent Of The Other. p. 740
DIVORCE — Desertion — Unjustifiable Refusal Of Spouse To Have Sexual Intercourse With The Other May Constitute Desertion — Testimony Of Complaining Spouse As To Such Refusal Must Be Corroborated Despite Admission By Other Spouse — Only Slight Corroboration Necessary In Contested Case. Where husband testified that marital relations had "ceased", but record was silent as to any request by husband or refusal by wife, and where only corroboration was testimony, by daughter who was not living with parents, that her father occupied a separate bedroom after altercation with mother, the Court held that there was insufficient evidence of desertion. p. 740
DIVORCE — Desertion — Conduct Of One Spouse Which Compels Other To Leave May Justify Divorce To That Other On Ground Of Constructive Desertion — Objectionable Conduct Must Render Continuation Of Marital Relationship Impossible If Complaining Spouse Is To Preserve Health, Safety Or Self-Respect. Where husband left home because wife cleaned bedroom in noisy fashion when husband went to bed, put cigarette butts, ashes and hard candy in bed, turned up volume of television set in bedroom, and on one occasion hit husband with lamp, Court held that in absence of testimony that husband's health was impaired or threatened, there was insufficient evidence to justify divorce to husband on ground of constructive desertion. pp. 740-743
APPEAL — Equity — Appeals In Equity Must Be Brought Within 30 Days From Written Decree And Not From Comments By Or Opinion Of Chancellor. p. 743
APPEAL — Cross Appeal Necessary For Appellee To Raise Question Regarding Allowance Of Counsel Fee. p. 743
J.A.A.
Decided January 9, 1969.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Baltimore County (RAINE, J.).
Bill of complaint by Harold Ballan against his wife, Eve Ballan, for divorce a mensa et thoro on grounds of constructive desertion. Cross-bill by Mrs. Ballan against her husband for a mensa divorce on ground of desertion. From a decree dismissing the husband's bill and awarding the wife a divorce a mensa et thoro, alimony and counsel fee on her cross-bill, the husband appeals.
Decree affirmed; costs to be paid by appellant.
The cause was argued before HAMMOND, C.J., and MARBURY, BARNES, FINAN and SINGLEY, JJ.
Neil J. Lewis for appellant.
Robert A. DiCicco for appellee.
Harold Ballan, the husband-appellant, would have us reverse the decree of the Circuit Court for Baltimore County which granted a divorce a mensa et thoro to Eve Ballan, the wife-appellee.
The Ballans were married on 2 March 1934, and have two children, a son 25 and a daughter 22, both of whom are now married. Sometime in December, 1966, Mrs. Ballan stopped speaking to her husband, stopped preparing his meals, and stopped making his bed. She justified her silence by testifying:
"He only had one way of beginning a conversation and that would be, if only you would learn to be pleasant, if only you would learn to do things with me the way you do with others, if only you would learn how to speak decently and sensibly and, very frankly, I got a little tired of hearing about if only I, and I asked if just once he could start a conversation without that, * * *."
Mrs. Ballan was uncertain whether it was before or after the breakdown in communication that her husband reduced her allowance from $125 (from which she apparently paid many of the household expenses) every two weeks to $20 a week (which seems to have been for her personal expenses). This was the reason she gave for refusing to provide his meals. The Ballans' daughter testified, however, that ample food was available.
Mr. Ballan described other forms of harassment to which he was subjected. His going to bed was a signal for his wife to clean the bedroom, in a noisy fashion. Mrs. Ballan not only failed to make his bed, but placed cigarette butts, ashes, and hard candy in it. When he tried to sleep, Mrs. Ballan turned up the volume on the television set in the bedroom. In mid-February, in understandable desperation, he moved the set to the living room. When he did so, Mrs. Ballan hit him with a tensor lamp. As she explained it, "If I struck him it was a fortunate blow. I threw everything I could lay my hands on at him." Even in this infelicitous environment, however, marital relations had continued, according to Mrs. Ballan's testimony, until some time in January, 1967, some weeks after the curtain of silence had been lowered.
On 2 March 1967, Mr. Ballan moved out and increased his wife's weekly allowance to $50. In the following October he sought a partial divorce from his wife on grounds of constructive desertion. She answered, denying the charge and filed a cross bill, in which she prayed a partial divorce from her husband on grounds of actual desertion. From a decree granting the wife an a mensa divorce, alimony in the amount of $45 a week and a counsel fee of $250, the husband has appealed. With commendable pragmatism, the lower court concluded that while Mr. Ballan had good reason for leaving, he was not legally justified in doing so, and as we read the testimony and our prior decisions, we think that the chancellor was entirely correct on both counts.
The Maryland cases lay down the rule that for desertion to constitute a ground for divorce, there must be a separation of one spouse from the other without justification, either in the wrongful conduct or the consent of the other. Desertion has two elements, the ending of cohabitation and the intention to desert. Fuller v. Fuller, 249 Md. 28, 237 A.2d 925 (1968); Zulauf v. Zulauf, 218 Md. 99, 145 A.2d 414 (1958); Givner v. Givner, 201 Md. 333 at 337, 93 A.2d 563 (1953). Since the element of consent is absent here, the only question is whether Mrs. Ballan's conduct justified her husband's departure.
While the unjustifiable refusal of either a husband or wife to have sexual intercourse with the other may constitute desertion, the burden of proof is on the complaining spouse, whose testimony must be corroborated even though there be an admission by the other spouse, since such an admission is not regarded as conclusive. In a contested case, however, only slight corroboration is necessary. Kerber v. Kerber, 240 Md. 312 at 315, 316, 214 A.2d 164 (1965) and cases there cited. While the husband says that marital relations "ceased," the record is silent as to any request made by the husband or refusal by the wife. Fortman v. Fortman, 250 Md. 355, 243 A.2d 517 (1968) and cases cited at 360. Even if there had been such testimony, we doubt whether it could have been corroborated by the statement of the Ballans' daughter, who was not living with her parents at the time, that her father occupied a separate bedroom after the tensor lamp incident. Maryland Rule S75; Murphy v. Murphy, 248 Md. 455, 237 A.2d 523 (1968) and cases cited in footnote 1 at 458.
Although Rule S75 was deleted from the Maryland Rules as of October 1, 1968, it was in effect at the time of the trial of the case.
We turn now to a consideration of Mrs. Ballan's conduct about which her husband complains. Judge Collins, speaking for the Court in Eberwein v. Eberwein, 193 Md. 95, 65 A.2d 792 (1949) recalled the rule of the prior cases:
"It has been stated many times by this Court that a single act of violence will ordinarily not justify a divorce on the grounds of cruelty. Marital neglect, indifference, failure to provide as freely as the wife may desire in dress or conveniences, sallies of passion, harshness, rudeness and use of profane and abusive language do not constitute cruelty as grounds for a divorce. Only danger to life, limb, or health will constitute such cruelty. (Citing cases)" 193 Md. at 101, 102.
To the same effect are Harrison v. Harrison, 223 Md. 422, 164 A.2d 901 (1960); Scheinin v. Scheinin, 200 Md. 282, 89 A.2d 609 (1952); Hastings v. Hastings, 147 Md. 177, 127 A. 743 (1925).
There is a corollary to this proposition which is equally well recognized. Chief Judge Bond, who filed the opinion for the Court in Kruse v. Kruse, 179 Md. 657, 22 A.2d 475 (1941) said at 663:
"It is settled that conduct of one spouse which compels the other to leave may justify a divorce to that other on the ground of desertion, even though the conduct may not justify a divorce on the ground of cruelty. Harding v. Harding, supra [ 22 Md. 337 (1864)]; Singewald v. Singewald, 165 Md. 136, 137, 166 A. 441. It must, however, render impossible the continuation of matrimonial cohabitation with safety, health, and self-respect. Schwartz v. Schwartz, 158 Md. 80, 90, 148 A. 259." (Emphasis added)
This was cited with approval in Murphy v. Murphy, supra; Eberwein v. Eberwein, supra. Accord, Brault v. Brault, 189 Md. 175, 55 A.2d 497 (1947); Collins v. Collins, 184 Md. 655, 42 A.2d 680 (1945); Fischer v. Fischer, 182 Md. 281, 34 A.2d 455 (1943); Hastings v. Hastings, supra.
Judge Finan, speaking for the Court in Murphy, articulated the rule:
"Even though the cruelty required in a constructive desertion case may be less than a case wherein an a mensa decree is sought on the grounds of cruelty, yet the objectionable conduct still must be such as to render continuation of the marital relationship impossible, if the complaining spouse is to preserve his or her health, safety or self-respect. Eberwein, supra. Obviously, for such a situation to exist, there must be a pattern of persistent conduct which is detrimental to the safety or health of the complaining spouse, or so demeaning to his or her self-respect as to be intolerable. * * *" 248 Md. at 460 (Emphasis added)
Objectionable as Mrs. Ballan's conduct was, it is found wanting if weighed in the balance against the rule of the cases. In Eberwein, supra, the wife accused her father-in-law of attacks on her on 14 occasions; accused her husband and her mother-in-law, who were post office employees, of stealing from the mails, with the result that they lost their jobs; and accused her husband of stealing from supermarkets. There was testimony that this had jeopardized the husband's job security and his health. See also, Poole v. Poole, 176 Md. 696, 6 A.2d 243 (1939) and Silverberg v. Silverberg, 148 Md. 682, 130 A. 325 (1925), which held that unfounded public charges of infidelity constituted cruelty, but compare Li v. Li, 249 Md. 593, 241 A.2d 389 (1968), where the statements were made only to the wife's family.
Eberwein should be contrasted with Ritz v. Ritz, 188 Md. 336, 52 A.2d 729 (1947) where there was testimony that the wife hit the husband on the head with a hammer, stabbed him three times in the arm with a screwdriver, and was so noisy and quarrelsome at night that the husband got no more than three hours sleep a night for the six months preceding his departure and slept while at work. Our predecessors held that since this conduct did not endanger the life, person or health of the husband, it did not amount to constructive desertion. Accord, Hyatt v. Hyatt, 173 Md. 693, 196 A. 317 (1938); Mason v. Mason, 181 Md. 666, 30 A.2d 748 (1943). In the absence of testimony that Mr. Ballan's health was impaired or threatened, we think the case is controlled by Ritz and not by Eberwein.
Two minor procedural matters remain. Mrs. Ballan moved to dismiss the appeal on the theory that the order of appeal was not filed within 30 days of the opinion filed on 18 December 1967. The decree was entered on 16 January 1968, and the appeal was entered on 7 February, within the 30 days allowed by Maryland Rule 812 a. We have consistently held that appeals in equity lie from the written decree and not from comments by or the opinion of the court. Bell v. Shifflett, 249 Md. 104, 238 A.2d 533 (1968); Kennedy v. Foley, 240 Md. 615, 214 A.2d 815 (1965).
In her brief, Mrs. Ballan seeks to have the amount of the fee allowed her counsel increased from $250 to $750. Since no cross appeal was taken, this question is not properly before us. Rule 812 a; Mugford v. City of Baltimore, 185 Md. 266, 269, 44 A.2d 745; 162 A.L.R. 1101 (1945).
Decree affirmed; costs to be paid by appellant.