Summary
In Ball v. Madison (1957), 1 Wis.2d 62, 65, 82 N.W.2d 894, we stated that "... a place of employment can be almost any place."
Summary of this case from Gilson v. Drees BrothersOpinion
April 12, 1957 —
May 7, 1957.
APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Dane county: HERMAN W. SACHTJEN, Circuit Judge. Reversed.
For the appellant there was a brief by Harold E. Hanson, city attorney, and Alton S. Heassler, assistant city attorney, and oral argument by Mr. Heassler.
For the respondents there was a brief by Roberts, Roe, Boardman, Suhr Bjork, and oral argument by Robert L. Curry, all of Madison.
Action for injuries received by the two minor plaintiffs, Geraldine Ball and Patricia Ball, by Walter M. Bjork, their guardian ad litem, and for expenses incurred by Gerard Ball, father of the children, incident to such injuries, arising out of the use of a toboggan slide owned, maintained, and operated by the defendant city of Madison in Hoyt park. Defendant interposed a demurrer to each cause of action on the ground that the complaint failed to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and from an order overruling the demurrer, defendant appeals.
For many years the city has provided a toboggan slide in Hoyt park for use by the public without charge. The complaint states that the toboggan slide consisted of a wooden platform approximately 12 feet long and 10 feet wide, inclosed by solid wooden barriers or railings and supported by wooden posts and steel braces; that the platform was about 30 feet above the ground; that connected to, the platform was a wooden slide inclosed by wooden railings sloping toward ground level, in which blocks of ice formed the sliding surface and an ice railing; that from the point where the wooden slide ended to where the slide ended at the foot of the hill blocks of ice formed the slide and railing; all of which was designed, constructed, and maintained as a continuous integral part of the toboggan slide so that a toboggan sliding on it would travel within a certain space within the ice blocks over the entire course of the slide, and constituted one continuous confined slide from the platform to where the slide ended at the foot of the hill; that there was a curve in the slide following the end of which there were several large trees immediately adjacent to the slide. On January 28, 1955, the minor plaintiffs each received injuries when riding on a toboggan which slid off the slide on the curve and collided with one of the trees adjacent thereto.
The complaint further alleges:
"6. That the toboggan slide together with its integral parts was a public building and was a structure used in whole or in part as a place of resort and assemblage for occupancy and use by the public.
"7. That the defendant, city of Madison, failed to design, construct, and maintain the said toboggan slide so as to render the same as free from danger to the life, health, safety, and welfare of the frequenters of the toboggan slide and the public as the nature of the toboggan slide would reasonably permit in that it, among other things:
"A. Designed, constructed, and maintained a curve in said slide,
"B. Designed, constructed, and maintained said slide, and the curve therein, in close proximity to several large trees, rendering the same unsafe and dangerous for users thereof; that the defendant at the time of the injuries sustained by the plaintiff knew, or ought to have known of the defect and unsafe construction and maintenance, in said toboggan slide, causing the same to be dangerous at the time in question."
And that each of the minor plaintiffs received their injuries "as the result of the said defect and faulty and unsafe construction and maintenance of said toboggan slide."
The trial court held that the slide was a structure within the meaning of sec. 101.01(12), Stats., and that the complaint states a cause of action under the safe-place statute.
In our opinion this case is largely ruled by Cegelski v. Green Bay (1939), 231 Wis. 89, 93, 285 N.W. 343, where this court held:
". . . the instant [toboggan] slide was in no sense a building or a structure. The slide followed the natural slope of the hill. The only allegation of the complaint having any relation to anything other than mere smoothing and keeping smooth and covered with ice or snow the surface of the ground and banking the sides of the course with snow is that the city `erected on said premises a wooden railing to guide the direction of the skis or toboggans' using the slide. . . . If this railing were deemed a structure such as to constitute a public building, the railing is not alleged to be in any way unsafe or to have had any connection with the plaintiff's injuries. We consider that it cannot be regarded as within the purview of sec. 101.06, Stats."
Respondents' argument is grounded on the premise that the platform was a structure within the contemplation of sec. 101.01(12), Stats. From that it is reasoned that the platform and the iced track below it were inseparable component parts of the slide and thus the slide was a structure within the meaning of the statute. We cannot agree that the platform was such a structure.
The safe-place statute defines "place of employment" very broadly; a place of employment can be almost any place. But the definition of "public building" is much more limited. Sub. (12) of sec. 101.01, Stats., reads:
"The term `Public building' as used in sections 101.01 to 101.29 shall mean and include any structure used in whole or in part as a place of resort, assemblage, lodging, trade, traffic, occupancy, or use by the public, or by three or more tenants."
In Hoepner v. Eau Claire (1953), 264 Wis. 608, 613, 60 N.W.2d 392, where it was contended that a ball-playing field constituted a public building, this court made an analysis of the statute which applies in the instant case:
". . . we think the choice of the legislature of the word ` building' is particularly significant. While a public building is defined as `any structure used in whole or in part as a place of resort, assemblage, lodging, trade, traffic, occupancy, or use by the public, or by three or more tenants,' it must be kept in mind that the term ` structure' was employed in defining the words `public building.'
"In view of this, we do not consider the definitions of the word ` structure' contained in decisions, such as Kosidowski v. Milwaukee, supra, and Caddy v. Interborough Rapid Transit Co., supra, and decisions of other jurisdictions, wherein structure is defined without reference to a building, are applicable in determining what structures are embraced within the term ` public building' as used in our safe-place statute.
"In Bent v. Jonet (1934), 213 Wis. 635, 252 N.W. 290, a temporary wooden bleacher used by spectators at a football game was held to be a structure constituting a public building; in Feirn v. Shorewood Hills (1948), 253 Wis. 418, 34 N.W.2d 107, a swimming pier consisting of a boardwalk, a board platform supported by wooden posts, a wooden bench, a diving board, and an observation tower on a platform, was held to be a public building within the meaning of the safe-place statute; and in Flesch v. Lancaster (1953), 264 Wis. 234, 58 N.W.2d 710, a municipal swimming pool was likewise held to be embraced within the statutory term ` public building.' However, the structures in these three cases had some points of similarity to a building as that term is commonly understood. On the other hand, a ball field, such as we have in the instant case, has no such point of similarity. The fact that in constructing the same it was necessary to bring in soil as a fill and to provide the sand-clay surface did not constitute the same a ` structure' within the meaning of such term as used in our safe-place statute in defining the term ` public building.'"
By using the word "structure" in defining the term "public building," the legislature did not broaden that term to include anything that is built. The fact that something is constructed and intended for public use does not alone constitute the structure a public building unless it has some aspects of similarity to a building as that term is commonly understood. Since the word is used in the limited sense of defining "public building," it cannot be regarded as embracing a structure which does not have any of the characteristics of a building. Nor does the intended use of the platform so characterize it. It is not, as the complaint states, used "as a place of resort and assemblage." The same contention was made in Meyers v. St. Bernard's Congregation (1954), 268 Wis. 285, 67 N.W.2d 302, where the court considered the character of a large concrete platform or concourse reached by two steps of stairs and located in front of the entrance to a church. This was used both as a means of travel by those going into and out of the church and as a place where members of the parish assembled before and after the services. It was held that nothing in the record showed that the steps and concourse were intended to be used as anything but an approach to the church and thus fell within the rule of the so-called "sidewalk" cases, such as Lawver v. Joint District (1939), 232 Wis. 608, 288 N.W. 192; Baldwin v. St. Peter's Congregation, (1953), 264 Wis. 626, 60 N.W.2d 349; Mistele v. Board of Education (1954), 267 Wis. 28, 64 N.W.2d 428.
As the place of "take-off" for users of the toboggan slide, this platform was no more intended as a place of resort and assemblage than was the concourse in the St. Bernard's Congregation Case. The fact that several people would gather there to seat themselves on a toboggan preparatory to sliding down the hill does not so characterize it. Like steps, a concourse, or a sidewalk, it simply provides a means of travel from one place to another.
And this is another feature distinguishing the platform from the pier in the case of Feirn v. Shorewood Hills (1948), 253 Wis. 418, 34 N.W.2d 107. The pier in that case was 75 feet long and there was a platform at the end 12 by 16 feet on which a diving board, an observation tower, and a wooden bench were located. It is common knowledge that a pier of that kind provides a place for recreational activities such as playing, resting, and sunbathing in addition to providing access to and from the water for swimmers, and the wooden bench and observation tower would accommodate persons who desired to congregate and engage in activities other than swimming. In the St. Bernard's Congregation Case, supra, the court said ( 268 Wis. at p. 289):
"In the Feirn Case, supra, this court was dealing with a swimming pier where a platform, bench, diving board, and observation tower were erected as a place of assemblage for the general public and where the same was one unit serving the purpose for which it was constructed."
Since the platform in this case cannot be considered a public building under the safe-place statute and the ice track below it cannot, under the Cegelski Case, suprabe so considered, it must be held that the complaint fails to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action and the demurrer should have been sustained.
In our opinion the complaint also fails to allege any facts to support its conclusion that the slide was unsafe and dangerous. A curve in the slide would not of itself render the slide unsafe; and its location adjacent to trees would, it seems to us, be an allegation of negligence rather than faulty design and construction. We do not decide these matters, however, since a decision thereon would be immaterial in view of the position we have taken above.
By the Court. — Order reversed, and cause remanded with instructions to sustain the demurrer.
I cannot agree that the complaint fails to state a cause of action under the safe-place statute. In my opinion the toboggan slide as described therein is a "structure" constituting a "public building" as that term is defined by sec. 101.01(12), Stats., and which the owner is required by sec. 101.06 to "so construct, repair, or maintain . . . as to render the same safe."
The complaint describes an integral unit, comprising a wooden platform, an inclined wooden sliding track surfaced with ice from the platform to a point nearer the surface of the ground, and from thence a sliding track made of ice blocks with ice-block railings or guides. This is a structure; a thing that has been constructed. It is immaterial that the part alleged to have been defective was made of ice instead of wood, steel, or concrete. The case differs from Cegelski v. Green Bay, 231 Wis. 89, 285 N.W. 343, where the toboggans slid on the surface of the ground as it was covered with snow or ice. A snow-covered strip of ground is not a "structure," but the raised artificial track of ice blocks may qualify as one.
By the statutory definition, sec. 101.01(12), "any structure" is a "public building" within the scope of the safe-place statute, if it is "used in whole or in part as a place of resort, assemblage, . . . traffic, occupancy, or use by the public." The toboggan slide described in the complaint meets those specifications. The complaint alleges that it was "used in whole or in part as a place of resort and assemblage for occupancy and use by the public" in a public park maintained by the city; an allegation of ultimate fact which, if proved, would bring the slide within the coverage of the statute.
The decisions of this court have perhaps not been altogether consistent in drawing the line between structures that are within or without the statutory definition of "public building." I think that the present case falls within the principle of the cases in which a bathing pier, a swimming pool, and temporary bleachers at an athletic field have been held to be "Public buildings" within the meaning of the statute ( Feirn v. Shorewood Hills, 253 Wis. 418, 34 N.W.2d 107; Flesch v. Lancaster, 264 Wis. 234, 58 N.W.2d 710; Bent v. Jonet, 213 Wis. 635, 252 N.W. 290), and is not controlled by the sidewalk, step, and concourse cases referred to in the majority opinion.
The words of the safe-place statute are broad enough, giving them their ordinary usage, to cover the toboggan slide. I cannot believe the legislature intended them to have a narrowly restricted interpretation with respect to amusement facilities installed at public parks for intended use by large numbers of children.
I also think that the complaint sufficiently states that the slide was not "safe," when it alleges that the defendant "designed, constructed, and maintained a curve in said slide . . . in close proximity to several large trees, rendering the same unsafe and dangerous for users thereof." Toboggan sleds attain high speeds, and we should not say as a matter of law that a curve could not render the slide unsafe.
I would therefore affirm the circuit court's order overruling the demurrer.
I am authorized to say that Mr. Justice STEINLE and Mr. Justice FAIRCHILD join in this opinion.