Summary
In Anderson v. John L. Hayes Construction Co., 1926, 243 N.Y. 140, 147, 153 N.E. 28, 29, Judge Cardozo stated: ‘ The exemption of the sovereign from suit involves hardship enough where consent has been withheld.
Summary of this case from Hormel v. United StatesOpinion
Argued June 1, 1926
Decided July 9, 1926
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department.
William H. Sweny for plaintiff, appellant. I.J. Beaudrias for Westchester County Trust Company, defendant, appellant. Joseph A. Murphy for Acme Cement Corporation, defendant, appellant.
James E. Duross for Atlas Powder Company, defendant, appellant.
Walter S. Gill for Conrad E. Hasbrouck, defendant, appellant.
John J. Kinney for Rosoff Sand and Gravel Corporation, defendant, appellant.
Albert Ottinger, Attorney-General ( Albert J. Danaher of counsel), for respondent.
The State of New York by its Department of Public Works, Bureau of Highways, made a contract with the John L. Hayes Construction Company whereby for $355,264.40 the construction company was to construct a highway in Greene and Ulster counties. There were to be monthly estimates of the amount of work done and material in place. Ninety per cent of the value so computed was thereupon to be paid to the contractor, the remaining ten per cent to be retained until the completion of the job. The statute made it the duty of the counties to contribute a prescribed quota of the cost (Highway Law, §§ 139, 140, 141-a; Cons. Laws, ch. 25). As between the parties to the contract, the obligation to pay at the times and in the amounts agreed was the obligation of the State.
On October 15, 1924, an installment of the price fell due in accordance with a monthly estimate. To pay this installment, the State by its Bureau of Highways drew two drafts, dated October 20, 1924, one for $8,948.23, and the other for $348.25, to the order of the contractor, upon the treasurer of Ulster county. The drafts were presented to the treasurer for payment, and payment was refused, the treasurer wrongfully taking the position that the contract was without binding force either on the State or on the county. The contractor, deprived by these acts of the means of going forward with the work, gave notice to the State on October 31, 1924, that payment had not been made in accordance with the contract, and that work would cease thereafter. The State retaliated with a notice on November 6, 1924, directing the contractor to go on, with warning that the default, if continued for ten days, would lead the State to declare the contract broken and to relet the work to others. The contractor did not go on, and the State declared a default in accordance with its notice.
The plaintiff brings this action to foreclose a mechnic's lien for labor furnished to the contractor in the building of the highway. He has joined as defendants the State of New York, and also other lienors. One of the defendants, the Westchester Trust Company, is an assignee of the liens of laborers for $6,791.88. To the extent of $23,700 it is the assignee of the contractor, by force of an assignment made on the stoppage of the work as collateral security for moneys previously loaned. The Special Term held that the State was in the wrong, and that there was due under the contract at the date of such default the sum of $75,138.34, the value of the work and material furnished at that time. From the moneys so found to be due, the State was directed to pay the claims of lienors, and also that of the Westchester Trust Company as the contractor's assignee. The payments thus directed did not exhaust the fund. The balance left over would, of course, belong to the contractor, but the court conceived itself to be powerless to make the necessary award. A contractor, unlike materialmen or laborers, is without a lien against the State (Lien Law, § 5; Cons. Laws, ch. 33). For that reason, the judgment was in favor of lienors and assignee without prejudice to the remedy of the contractor by proceedings in the Court of Claims. In this ruling the contractor acquiesced. The appeal that followed was the State's.
The judgment of the Appellate Division requires for its understanding a summary of the provisions of the Lien Law. The statute says that one who performs labor for or furnishes materials to a contractor for a public improvement under a contract with the State or a municipal corporation shall have a lien upon the moneys of the State or the corporation to the extent of the amount due or to become due under the contract upon filing a notice of lien in the form prescribed by law (Lien Law, § 5). The statute also says that this lien may be enforced against the funds of the State in the same court and in the same manner as a mechanic's lien on real property (§ 42); that the State may be joined as a defendant in the same manner as a private person (§ 44); and that the court shall render judgment directing the State to pay to the lienors so much of the money which may be found due from the State to the contractor as will satisfy their liens with interest and costs (§ 60).
Upon appeal to the Appellate Division, the Attorney-General took the ground, as he does in this court, that the Supreme Court is without jurisdiction to adjudge the payment of such a lien unless there is a concession by the State of money due to the contractor. Only in that event, it is said, has the State consented to be sued except in the Court of Claims. If the indebtedness is disputed, the lienors are helpless.
The Appellate Division so held, and in thus holding eviscerated the judgment. It wiped out all the provisions adjudicating the default of the State and the existence and amount of an indebtedness at the cessation of the work. It left nothing but an adjudication that the liens were enforcible against any sum that might finally be determined to be due to the contractor in an action in the Court of Claims. If such an action were not brought, or being brought were determined adversely to the contractor, the liens would not attach to anything. They were left in the meantime suspended in mid-air. Another action would be needed to bring them down to earth.
We find no basis in the statute for this division of judicial functions. The State has consented to be sued in the ordinary courts of justice when the subject-matter of the controversy is a lien upon money owing to its contractor, and has consented that out of any money that may be found to be so owing judgment may be rendered directing payment to be made. In consent so explicit, we see no suggestion of a condition that the remedy is to fail if the debt shall be disputed. Justice and convenience combine with the plain wording of the statute in forbidding us to imply a condition so oppressive. No sensible reason can be imagined why the State, having consented to be sued, should thus paralyze the remedy. A court of dignity and power had the parties before it, and had heard the controversy between them. To transfer the controversy to the Court of Claims could work no gain to any interest worthy of protection. Indeed, the special limitations applicable to claims in that court (Court of Claims Act, § 12) might often bring it to pass that the claim would be barred before the transfer could be made. The exemption of the sovereign from suit involves hardship enough where consent has been withheld. We are not to add to its rigor by refinement of construction where consent has been announced.
Our holding, therefore, is that there was jurisdiction to determine the sum chargeable with liens, and to direct payment to the lienors out of the balance so adjudged. A closer question is whether the Westchester Trust Company has the standing of a lienor in so far as it claims as the contractor's assignee. We have seen that a contractor with the State, unlike materialmen and laborers, is not a lienor. His remedy as plaintiff is by action in the Court of Claims. There is plausibility in the suggestion that the rights to be accorded to his assignee can be no greater than his own. We think, however, that other provisions of the Lien Law point to the conclusion that an assignee of moneys due under a contract for public improvement, when brought into court at the suit of lienors, is on a parity with lienors in respect of the remedies available. By section 16 of the act as construed in our decisions, the assignment takes precedence of liens subsequently filed ( Giant Portland Cement Co. v. State, 232 N.Y. 395, 410; Riverside Contg. Co. v. City of N.Y., 218 N.Y. 596; General Fireproofing Co. v. Keepsdry Const. Co., 225 N.Y. 180, 184, 185; Albany B.S. Co. v. Eastern B. S. Co., 235 N.Y. 432, 437). An adjudication of the amount due upon it is, therefore, necessary as a preliminary to an effective adjudication of the sum due upon the liens. Section 42, as we have seen, provides that the lien against the State shall be enforced by a civil action in the same manner as mechanics' liens generally. This means, we think, that there shall be such cross-remedies among defendants claiming derivative interests in the fund by succession to the contractor, as may be necessary for complete relief. The Legislature cannot have had in view the creation of a form of action that would be a stunted and misshapen anomaly among equitable remedies. The effect of section 42 is to subject the remedy against the State to the provisions of section 45, whereby "the court may adjust and determine the equities of all the parties to the action and the order of priority of different liens, and determine all issues raised by any defense or counterclaim in the action." There is no need to consider whether a legitimate application of this principle would not require relief to be extended to a defendant contractor as well as to successors in interest, lienors and assignees. The contractor has not appealed and its remedies are not in question.
A point is made that non-payment of the drafts was not an adequate reason for rescission, and that the contractor was at fault in abandoning the work. We think the situation viewed in its entirety justifies the course pursued. The monthly payments were the fund from which the expenses of the work were to be met. The contractor could not go on if the fund was not supplied. The State may indeed have been entitled to a reasonable opportunity to provide the necessary moneys after the county treasurer's default (2 Williston on Sales, § 467-e). If it had sought such an opportunity when informed of the dishonor of the drafts, the contractor might have been in the wrong in adhering to a precipitate rescission. But that was not the State's position. Informed that the drafts had been dishonored, it did not offer to make them good. It merely told the contractor to proceed, and gave notice of reletting when the demand was not obeyed. Its theory seems to have been that the State was not in default because the county did not pay. In the end there would be remedies available to hold the county to its duty. Meanwhile, the contractor must wait, and, while waiting, must perform. But that is not a fair construction of the contract, or of the obligation of the State thereunder. The contractor was not to be involved in quarrels between State and county. They might make such arrangements as they pleased for the division among themselves of the cost of the improvement. The obligee would look to the obligor for the performance of the covenants. The State had covenanted to pay. The covenant was broken if payment was not made, whether an insolvent bank or a recalcitrant county or any other misadventure was the occasion of the breach. The breach must be repaired, or the contractor might rescind ( Wharton Co. v. Winch, 140 N.Y. 287; Helgar Corp. v. Warner's Features, Inc., 222 N.Y. 449).
A point is also made that the aggregate award for liens may be in excess, for all that appears, of the moneys in the treasury of the State, appropriated to the contract. This is possible, it is said, as a result of the statutory division of the cost of the improvement between State and county. The Legislature is not to be presumed to have appropriated to the contract a sum in excess of the State's quota of the cost. The fact remains, however, that the statute authorizes the State to assume the obligation of the contract as a whole, and to pledge the credit of the State for the payment of the price. What is not appropriated by the State is to be appropriated by the county. "The portion of the cost to be borne by the county shall be appropriated and made immediately available to the requisition or draft of the state commission of highways" when the board of supervisors approves the plans and estimate of cost (Highway Law, § 141-a). There is no denial that this was done. Other appropriation was unnecessary to permit the contract to be let. The State, in these circumstances, does not better its position by the plea that the wrong of one of its civil subdivisions is the cause of its default. Like any other delinquent obligor, it must submit to judgment for what it owes, whether the money is on hand or not. The contractor is not to suffer in his remedies because the fund may be too low. We are not concerned at the moment with the question whether the judgment for what is due can be effectively enforced. The validity of a judgment is not dependent on the assurance of collection. Confusion of thought is likely to ensue if we think of the judgment as imposing a lien on a specific res in the possession of the State. What is called the "lien" of materialmen or laborers under these provisions of the statute may be characterized more fitly as a right of subrogation to the contractor's cause of action. There is no specific fund identified and earmarked. There is a cause of action for money due upon a contract, with the pledge of the credit of the State as the assurance that the money will be paid. We must beware of identifying a lien upon such a right with a lien upon land. There is analogy rather than identity between the remedies available. The lien upon the cause of action does not fail because the State has lost or wasted or been unable to collect the fund to which it expected to resort for the payment of the debt. The lien attaches to the debt, and the lienors to the extent of their interests are statutory assignees. The failure of the fund, if failure there has been, has no greater significance as affecting the foreclosure of their liens than it would have if the action were at law with the contractor in the role of plaintiff.
The judgment of the Appellate Division should be reversed and that of the Special Term affirmed, with costs in the Appellate Division and in this court.
HISCOCK, Ch. J., McLAUGHLIN, CRANE, ANDREWS and LEHMAN, JJ., concur; POUND, J., absent.
Judgment accordingly.