Opinion
No.: 3:13-CR-8-TAV-HBG-1 No.: 3:16-CV-346-TAV
05-23-2017
JAMES EDWARD ALLEN, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before the Court are Petitioner's notice of voluntary dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(i) [Doc. 44], and the United States' motion to deny and dismiss that same action with prejudice in light of Beckles v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 886 (2017) [Doc. 45].
Petitioner filed the underlying motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 on June 20, 2016 [Doc. 37]. In it, he challenges his enhancement under Section 2K2.1 of the United States Sentencing Guidelines based on Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), which held that the residual provision of the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), was unconstitutionally vague [Id. (suggesting that his sentence is no longer valid because the Guidelines residual provision is equally vague)]. On August 29, 2016, the United States requested that this Court "defer ruling" on the petition until the Supreme Court addressed the following issues: whether the guidelines were subject to void for vagueness attack and, if so, whether that "new rule" applied retroactively on collateral review [Doc. 40 ("[I]n the interests of justice, and in an effort to promote judicial economy, the United States asks this Court to deter ruling on Petitioner's pending § 2255 motion until the Supreme Court decides Beckles, after which the United States will file a supplemental response.")]. This Court agreed that "a stay [was] appropriate under the circumstances," stayed the case, and ordered that the parties "file a joint status report within thirty . . . days of [the Beckles holding]" [Doc. 42].
On February 11, 2016, this Court appointed Federal Defender Services of Eastern Tennessee (FDSET) for the limited purpose of reviewing the case to determine whether or not Petitioner is eligible for collateral relief based on Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). See E.D. Tenn. SO-16-02 (Feb. 11, 2016). Consistent with that appointment, FDSET filed the instant petition challenging Petitioner's base offense level [Doc. 37].
The ACCA mandates a fifteen-year sentence for any felon who unlawfully possesses a firearm after having sustained three prior convictions "for a violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions different from one another." 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). The statute defines "violent felony" as "any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year" that (1) "has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another" (the "use-of-physical-force clause"); (2) "is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves the use of explosives" (the "enumerated-offense clause"); or (3) "otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another" (the "residual clause"). 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). It was this third clause—the residual clause—that the Supreme Court deemed unconstitutional in Johnson. 135 S. Ct. at 2563. The Guidelines set a general base offense level of fourteen for violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). U.S. Sentencing Manual § 2K2.1(a)(6). For offenders with one prior conviction for either a "crime of violence" or "controlled substance offense," the base offense level increases to twenty. U.S. Sentencing Manual § 2K2.1(a)(4). Offenders with two such convictions face a base offense level of twenty-four. U.S. Sentencing Manual § 2K2.1(a)(2). "Controlled substance offense" is defined as any offense "punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that prohibits the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance . . . or the possession of controlled substance . . . with intent to manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense." U.S. Sentencing Manual § 4B1.2(b). "Crime of violence" is defined in an almost identical manner as "violent felony" under the ACCA. See U.S. Sentencing Manual §4B1.2(a) (adopting identical use-of-force and residual clauses and similar enumerated-offense clause). --------
On March 6, 2017, the Supreme Court held in Beckles that the United States Sentencing Guidelines are "not amenable to vagueness challenges." 137 S.Ct. at 894. Two weeks later, this Court entered an Order (1) explaining that Beckles necessarily meant that "Johnson . . . does not undermine sentences based on Guideline enhancements;" (2) instructing the parties to "file any motion that they want[ed] the Court to consider in conjunction with, or prior to, ruling on [the instant] petition[] on or before April 1, 2017;" and (3) requiring that responsive pleadings be filed on or before April 15, 2017 [Doc. 43]. Shortly thereafter, this Court received Petitioner's notice of voluntary dismissal and the United States' motion to deny and dismiss [Docs. 44, 45]. Both parties filed responses in opposition to the other's submission [Docs. 46, 47].
I. NOTICE OF VOLUTNARY DISMISSAL WITHOUT PREJUDICE
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(i) provides that a movant may voluntarily dismiss an action without a court order by filing "a notice of dismissal before the opposing party serves either an answer or a motion for summary judgment[.]" Subsection (B) states the following:
Unless the notice of dismissal or stipulation states otherwise, the dismissal is without prejudice. But if the plaintiff previously dismissed any federal—or state—court action based on or including the same claim, a notice of dismissal operates as an adjudication on the merits.Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1)(B). By contrast, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2) provides that "[e]xcept as provided in Rule 41(a)(1), an action may be dismissed at the plaintiff's request only by court order, on terms that the court considers proper." Because properly filed notices of voluntary dismissal are self-effectuating, the issue before this Court is whether Petitioner retains his unilateral rights under Rule 41(a)(1), or is limited to the procedures available under Rule 41(a)(2). The answer depends on whether any of the filings that the United States submitted prior to the notice constitute an "answer" or "motion for summary judgment" under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i).
As an initial matter, binding Sixth Circuit precedent prevents this Court from construing the United States' motion to deny and dismiss with prejudice as an answer or a motion for summary judgment for purposes of Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i). See, e.g., Aamot v. Kassel, 1 F.3d 441, 444 (6th Cir. 1993) ("[W]e decline to agree with the District Court's action and follow those cases which 'treat' motions to dismiss filed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) as summary judgment motions for purposes of barring voluntary dismissal."). All that remains is the motion to defer [Doc. 40].
According to the Rule 5 Governing § 2255 Proceedings, answers to petitions for collateral relief must: (1) "address the allegations in the motion;" (2) "state whether the moving party has used any other federal remedies, including any prior post-conviction motions under these rules or any previous rules;" and (3) specify "whether the moving party received an evidentiary hearing."
The United States' motion to defer does none of the above. While it acknowledges that the Sixth Circuit extended Johnson to the Guidelines residual clause in Pawlak v. United States, 822 F.3d 902 (6th Cir. 2016), and argues that Petitioner still "ha[d] not shown . . . that Johnson applies retroactively to the Guidelines on collateral review," it does so only as justification for why this Court should defer ruling and additional briefing until the Supreme Court's potentially dispositive ruling in Beckles [Doc. 40 pp. 1-4 ("[T]he Sixth Circuit has consistently emphasized that the issue will be decided by . . . Beckles . . . [and] urged . . . motions raising that issue [be held] in abeyance.")]. Unlike the "response[s] in opposition" filed by the United States in a majority of this district's Johnson-based collateral challenges, the motion to defer includes neither a lengthy discussion of constitutional vagueness and retroactivity nor any application of categorical and modified categorical approaches to the prior convictions that Petitioner claimed no longer qualified as crimes of violence. For these reasons and because the motion focuses on the need to defer ruling instead of the need to grant or deny relief, this Court declines to construe it as an answer or motion for summary judgment under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i). Accord Brown v. T- Ink, LLC, No. 07-cv-13111, 2007 WL 4098207, at *4 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 16, 2007) ("'[M]otion to compel arbitration and stay proceedings is not the equivalent of an answer or a motion for summary judgment' under Rule 41(a)(1)." (quoting Hamilton v. Shearson-Lehman American Express, Inc., 813 F.2d 1532, 1535 (9th Cir. 1987)); see also Merit Ins. Co. v. Leatherby Ins. Co., 581 F.2d 137, 142 (7th Cir. 1978) (holding that motion to stay was not the equivalent of an answer or motion for summary judgment because "[m]erits of the controversy are not to be considered by the court" (internal quotation and citation omitted)).
Because this Court finds that Petitioner filed his notice of voluntary dismissal [Doc. 44] before the United States field an answer or a motion for summary judgment within the meaning of Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i), that "notice of dismissal is self-effectuating, leaving no basis upon which [this Court] can prevent . . . dismiss[al] without prejudice." Aamot, 1 F.3d at 445; see also Ames v. Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., No. 11-2942, 2012 WL 215234, at *1 (W.D. Tenn. Jan. 24, 2012) ("Rule 41(a)(1) explicitly leaves the option to dismiss in the plaintiff's hands: once [a] plaintiff gives his notice, the lawsuit is no more." (quoting Aamot, 1 F.3d at 444)); White v. Berkebile, No. 5:09-cv-0796, 2009 WL 6700835, at *2-3 (S.D.W.V. Dec. 4, 2009) (dismissing § 2255 motion without prejudice where the petitioner filed a notice of voluntary dismissal before the United States filed a response in opposition or in support of the collateral relief requested).
II. Motion to Deny and Dismiss With Prejudice
As discussed, a petitioner can voluntarily dismiss his or her § 2255 motion without an order of the district court by filing a notice of dismissal at any time before service of an answer or motion for summary judgment by the United States, whichever occurs first. Ames, 2012 WL 215234, at *1. The Sixth Circuit has held that this rule should be "taken at face value" and that district courts should assume that the rule "means what it says." Aamot, 1 F.3d at 444 (quoting Carter v. United States, 547 F.2d 258, 259 (5th Cir. 1997)). Because Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) "does not sanction a case-by-case analysis of the amount of effort expended by the [United States]" and the instant action was "no more" after submission of the notice of voluntary dismissal, Ames, 2012 WL 215234, at *1, the United States' motion to deny and dismiss [Doc. 45] must be denied as moot.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Clerk's Office will be DIRECTED to terminate Petitioner's § 2255 petition [Doc. 37] and the civil action associated therewith [E.D. Tenn. Case No. 3:16-CV-346-TAV]. The dismissal will be without prejudice and the Clerk's Office will terminate the gavel attached to Petitioner's notice of voluntary dismissal [Doc. 44]. The United States' motion to deny and dismiss [Doc. 45] will be DENIED as moot.
ORDER ACCORDINGLY.
s/ Thomas A. Varlan
CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE