Opinion
06-05-1914
ADRAIN et al. v. KOCH et al.
John R. Hardin, of Newark, for complainant. Hugh K. Gaston, of Somerville, for Jennie R. Rowland, guardian. Edward M. Colie, of Newark, Alan H. Strong, of New Brunswick, and E. J. Myers, of New York City (Myers & Goldsmith, of New York City, of counsel), for Jean Livingston Koch. Kinsey Twining and R. V. Lindabury, both of Newark, for Mrs. Grace R. Riva. Frank P. McDermott, of Jersey City, guardian ad litem of the Riva children.
Rill by Jennie R. Adrain and others, executors under the will of William Rowland, deceased, against Jean Livingston Koch and others, for construction of the will. Will construed.
John R. Hardin, of Newark, for complainant. Hugh K. Gaston, of Somerville, for Jennie R. Rowland, guardian. Edward M. Colie, of Newark, Alan H. Strong, of New Brunswick, and E. J. Myers, of New York City (Myers & Goldsmith, of New York City, of counsel), for Jean Livingston Koch. Kinsey Twining and R. V. Lindabury, both of Newark, for Mrs. Grace R. Riva. Frank P. McDermott, of Jersey City, guardian ad litem of the Riva children.
HOWELL, V. C. This is a bill for the construction of the will of William Rowland, late of Somerset county, who died on July30, 1911, leaving a will bearing date December 7, 1910, which was admitted to probate, and on which letters testamentary were issued to the complainants, as executors and trustees.
Mr. Rowland left him surviving his widow, Jane, his two children Mrs. Adrain and Mrs. Riva, and his grandchildren William, Charles and John, sons of the testator's deceased son William, the two children of his daughter Mrs. Riva, and the two children of his daughter Mrs. Adrain; the Adrain children being Robert Adrain, Jr., and Jean Livingston Koch. There were also living at the time of the testator's death William Dorman, who was the son of Jean Livingston Koch by her first husband, also her present husband, and an infant son of her second marriage. These parties were also all in esse at the time of the execution of the will in question. The widow died in 1911.
In the early part of 1884 proceedings were taken by the testator and his wife for the adoption by them of Jean Livingston Koch, their granddaughter. These proceedings resulted in a decree made by the orphans' court of Somerset county on June 27, 1884, whereby the adoption by Mr. and Mrs. Rowland of their grandchild as their child was accomplished. I may say at this point that some question was made at the hearing as to the legality of these proceedings. There is no allegation of their invalidity in any of the pleadings; I have examined them with considerable care and find, as a matter of law, that they are regular in form and in accordance with the statute, and that they therefore cannot be attacked collaterally. The results of these proceedings was embodied in a decree which seems to satisfy all the requirements of the statute and to put the validity of the adoption beyond question.
The widow of the testator was, by the terms of the will, entitled to the income from the residuary estate for the term of her natural life. Upon the falling in of her life estate, the income of the residue became divisible. The trustees, being in doubt as to the proper construction of the residuary clause of the will, now lay the same before the court and seek its direction as to the manner in which the distribution shall be made.
The residuary clause of the will provides that, upon the death of the widow, the residue shall go to the executors upon the trust— "to invest the same and keep the same invested and pay over the semiannual income thereof unto my children living at the death of my said wife, and the lawful issue of any deceased child of mine who may have died in her lifetime leaving lawful issue her surviving per stirpes and not per capita, until such time as my youngest grand child living at the time of my death shall attain the age of twenty-one years, or until the death of my said youngest grand child, upon my said youngest grand child living at the time of my death attaining the age of twenty-one years, or in the event of the death of my said youngest grand child before he or she attains the age of twenty-one years, then and in that event I give, devise and bequeath my said residuary estate, or so much thereof as shall then remain, unto my children living at the death of my said wife, and the lawful issue of any deceased child of mine who may have died in her life time leaving lawful issue her surviving per stirpes and not per capita."
Under this clause two questions arise: First, whether Jean Livingston Koch, the adopted child of the testator, takes a share in the residuary fund as one of "my children living at the death of my said wife" by virtue of the decree of adoption; and, second, whether the trustees are to administer the income accruing to the minor grandchildren of the testator in pursuance of the terms of the will, or whether such administration devolves upon their general guardian, and likewise whether interest runs on the legacies to the grandchildren from the date of the testator's death.
The remarks of Lord Halsbury in the House of Lords in the case of Inderwick v. Tatchell (1903) A. C. 120, 72 L. J. Ch. 393, apply with peculiar force to this case. He said:
"I confess I approach the interpretation of a will with the greatest possible hesitation as to adopting any supposed fixed rule for its construction. If I can read the language of the instrument in its ordinary and natural sense, I do not want any rule of construction, and, if I cannot, then I think one must read the whole instrument as well as one can, and conclude what really its effect is intended to be by looking at the instrument as a whole. By the hypothesis it does not speak for itself, but you must arrive at some interpretation which will make it speak and make it speak intelligibly, and go so far with the contention of the appellant here * * * that, if the testator had contemplated the particular event that has happened in this case, he would have provided for it; but with that single observation I am not at liberty, because an event has happened which I think has not been provided for to conjecture what the testator would have provided if he had thought of it beforehand. I am not at liberty to disregard the application of the ordinary rule of construction of every document, namely, that you must look at the whole document, and, if you can, you must read the words according to their natural and reasonable meaning."
A comparison of particular clauses of this will leads only to confusion. Its construction requires a broad general view and a careful reading of the whole instrument in order to determine the meaning of the particular clauses. The general scheme of the whole instrument must be examined and its meaning determined therefrom and thereby.
The general plan of the will, so far as relates to descendants of the testator, appears to consider them in two classes determined by their nearness in blood to himself. Manifestly these classes are "children" and "grandchildren," using the words in their natural sense and not in the artificial sense that comes from the decree of adoption above referred to. In the first of these classes he puts his two natural daughters, Mrs. Adrain and Mrs. Riva. To those who belong in this class he gives: First, a money legacy of $12 000; second, he provides for each of them a trust fund of $160,000, giving the income ofthe fund to them for life, with remainders to their issue, and cross-remainders if there should be no issue. It is significant that, if the testator, at the time of the execution of his will, had in mind the artificial relation which had been created between him and his granddaughter Jean Livingston Koch, he did not make the same provision for her that he had made for his two natural children, and at once the question arises whether the testator intended that his adopted daughter should belong to the class known as his "children," or whether he intended that she should take her natural place in the next class. The will seems to answer that question. The second class of beneficiaries includes the seven grandchildren, Mrs. Adrain's two children, Robert Adrain, Jr., and Jean L. Koch; William R. Rowland's three children, William, Charles, and John; and the two Riva children—for each of whom he made substantially the same provision. The variations relate only to the Adrain family. Robert Adrain's devise is absolute. Jean Livingston Koch's bequest is for life, with remainder to the child of her first marriage. To his other grandchildren, viz., the children of William R. Rowland and of Mrs. Riva, he makes bequests payable when they shall arrive at the age of 30 years, respectively, but with the receipt of the Income meantime. This is approximately equal treatment of the class of "grandchildren," and it seems to me to exclude the idea that he had in mind the advancement of Mrs. 'Koch from the degree of granddaughter to that of child. This appears to be the scheme of the will, and to allow it to be broken in upon would, in my opinion, be violative of the intention of the testator.
There is in the will one other reference favoring this view. It is contained in the fourteenth clause, wherein he provides for Mrs. Koch. He there gives her the income of $50,000, with remainder to her son William Dorman, and in that connection refers to her twice as his "granddaughter." In my opinion that fact so clearly and aptly expressed almost of itself puts the question at rest. I think it is quite apparent that, when the testator gave instructions for the drafting of his will, he not only forgot to Inform the draftsman of the fact that he had adopted his grandchild, but had likewise dropped it entirely but temporarily from his memory.
There is another consideration which must operate against the claim of Mrs. Koch. If she is to share in the residuary estate as a "child," she will at once become invested with the title to one-fourth of the residuum in her own right, and, upon the death of her mother, to one-half of the trust fund, the interest on which is payable to the mother for her life, and in another contingency, very remote perhaps, she might get a share in the trust fund set apart for Mrs. Riva. This, I think, would be a complete variation from the scheme of the will which Mr. Rowland had in mind, because it would give Mrs. Koch a much larger share in his estate than would be received by any of the others, and there is nothing in the will to indicate that he meant her to enjoy a larger share of his bounty than the others.
The only thing in the will which militates against this view is found in the provision for disposing of the principal of the trust funds of $160,000 each for the benefit of Mrs. Adrain and Mrs. Riva. After the death of Mrs. Adrain and Mrs. Riva, respectively, the trustees are directed to invest and keep invested the said trust funds of $160,000 and pay over the net semiannual income thereof to her children living at the time of her said death, respectively. It is quite apparent that upon the death of Mrs. Adrain, Mrs. Riva surviving her, the testator's use of the word "children" would be inapt, because, as it has turned out, there could be only one child left. But I look upon this rather as a lapse of thought and not as an indication that the testator meant to include Mrs. Koch as a child. It will be observed that the same phrase is used in the residuary clause. It seems to have been a form of words used by the scrivener rather than evidence of a settled determination on the part of the testator to have Mrs. Koch included as one of his children.
My conclusion, therefore, is that Mrs. Koch does not take under the residuary clause as one of the children of the testator living at the death of his wife, and that the testator did not mean that she should be a recipient of his bounty to the extent of one-fourth of his residuary estate.
It is quite apparent, from reading the will, that the testator meant that the provisions made for his grandchildren were made for their support, maintenance, and education, in which event they are entitled to the interest and income of the money set apart for them from the date of the death of the testator.
There remains only the question: Who shall administer the income from the funds set apart for the minor grandchildren V There is no direction in the will about it; and, inasmuch as the will is silent on the subject, it would seem as if the management of the fund had been intended to be left in the hands of the trustees, while the management of the minor children and the expenditures for their benefit should be actually made by their general guardians, respectively, who have also charge and custody of their persons. This would make it necessary for the trustees to transfer to the general guardians, respectively, from time to time, such funds as may be needed for the support, maintenance, and education of these children. The income upon their invested funds ought to be from 4 to 5 per cent., producing an Income of from $2,000 to $2,500 for each one of them.
Inasmuch as there is little or nothing in the case to indicate how much of this fund ought to be expended annually at the present time or in the near future for the benefit of the minors, it will be necessary to refer the matter to a master to inquire what amount should be periodically transferred for the purpose by the trustees to the general guardians. Such an inquiry was made in the case of McKnight v. Walsh, 24 N. J. Eq. 498.
The principle is in cases of this class that the amount to be paid for the maintenance, support, and education of the minors should he limited to the actual necessities of the situation, and, if there is any surplus, it should be accumulated by the trustees for the benefit of the cestui que trusts until they arrive at the age when they may control their own funds.
There are some discrepant cross-references from one paragraph to another in several places in the will; but, inasmuch as counsel have agreed in relation thereto, it is unnecessary that any mention should be made thereof at the present time.